Foundation and higher tiers
Metals are found in the left hand-side of the periodic table. In GCSE chemistry we will be mainly studying the reactions of the the metals in groups I and II of the periodic table, that is the alkali metals and the alkaline earth metals. The alkali metals; Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs
in group 1 of the periodic table all have one electron in their outer shell. Recall the octet rule: elements only react if they can achieve
full last electron shells; this means that the alkali metals
with one outer shell electron will either have to gain 7
electrons to fill their last shell or
simply lose one electron when they react.
As an example consider the alkali metal sodium; atomic number 11. Sodium has the electronic configuration 2,8,1. To completely fill its last shell
the sodium atom needs to gain 7 electrons or simply lose the outer electron in the last shell.
Obviously it will be easier and require less energy to simply lose 1 electron than
gain 7 electrons.
So when sodium reacts it will lose its outer shell electron to another atom.
The sodium atom will now have an electronic
arrangement of 2,8; the same as the
noble gas neon. It will have 10 electrons. However the
nucleus of the sodium atom will
still contain 11 protons with
each one having a positive charge. This means that the sodium atom has 11 positive charges
(protons) but only 10
negatively charged electrons; so overall the atom has more positive charges than negative charges
to cancel them out. This leaves the sodium atom with a charge of +1; we call atoms with charges ions.
Atoms are neutral because they have equal numbers of positively charged protons in the
nucleus and negatively charged electrons in the electron shells but in
ions the numbers of protons and
electrons
is NOT equal so the atom has a charge- it's now an ion. The diagram below shows a sodium atom losing its outer shell electron and forming a sodium ion (Na+):
Metal atoms always lose electrons when they react with non-metals; this means they always end up with more positively charged protons than negatively charged electrons so metal ions are always positively charged. Again remembering that group I loses one electron and forms ions with a 1+ charge while group II metals lose two electrons and so will end up forming ions with a 2+ charge. Similarly group III metals e.g. aluminium atoms will lose 3 electrons and end up forming ions with a 3+ charge. This is summarised in the table below:
| Group in periodic table | number of electrons in the last shell | number of electrons lost | charge on ion | examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1+ | Li+, Na+, K+ |
| 2 | 2 | 2 | 2+ | Mg2+, Ca+ |
| 3 | 3 | 3 | 3+ | Al3+ |
A similar thing happens with the reactive non-metals; these non-metals are mainly in groups 5, 6 and 7 of the periodic table. Non-metals in group 5 obviously have 5 electrons in their last shell so they need to gain 3 electrons to form a full last shell. However if they gain 3 electrons or 3 negative charges then they will have 3 more negatively charged electrons than positively charged protons in their nucleus; so they will end up with forming an ion with a 3- charge. A similar thing happens with the non-metals in groups 6 and 7, e.g.
| Group in periodic table | number of electrons in the last shell | number of electrons gained | charge on ion | examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | 5 | 3 | 3- | N3-, P3- |
| 6 | 6 | 2 | 2- | O2-, S2- |
| 7 | 7 | 1 | 1- | F-, Cl-, Br- |
Since metal atoms lose electrons when they react to achieve full last shells and non-metal atoms gain electrons when
they react then it would seem obvious that metals and non-metals react readily together to form compounds made up of ions; that is
ionic compounds.
Ionic compounds consist of giant lattice made up of positively charged metal ions and negatively
charged non-metal ions. Consider the reaction between sodium metal a group I alkali metal; electron arrangement 2,8,1 and chlorine atomic number 17; a halogen
in group 7 of the periodic table with an electron arrangement 2,8,7. The sodium
atom needs to lose one electron to gain a full last shell and the chlorine needs to gain one electron to fill its last
shell. So when sodium and chlorine react an electron is transferred from the sodium atom to the chlorine atom. We can
show what is happening in terms of electron transfer in the diagram below; here the electrons in the sodium atom are shown as solid balls whereas in the chlorine atom the electrons are shown as crosses, this is simply to help us keep track of the electrons in the reaction taking place.
Normally when we draw dot and cross diagram only the electrons in the last shells are drawn. The reason for this is simple; these are the only electrons that are involved forming the bonding between the atoms. So the dot and cross diagram above can be simplified; this time showing only the outer electrons:
The positively charged sodium ion and the negative charged chloride ion produced are strongly attracted to each other since they have opposite charges. This type of attraction or bond is called an ionic bond. It is a type of electrostatic attraction.
Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal in group 2 of the periodic table, its electron arrangement is 2,8,2. This means that a magnesium atom needs to lose 2 electrons to achieve a full last shell. Chlorine as above is a halogen in group 7; its electron arrangement is 2,8,7. Chlorine only needs to gain one electron. Looks like we have a problem! Magnesium needs to lose 2 electrons but chlorine only needs to gain 1 electron. The solution is simple; each magnesium reacts with 2 chlorine atoms with each chlorine atom accepting one electron from the magnesium. This is shown in the diagram below:
As before we can simplify the dot and cross diagram so that only the electrons that actually take part in the reaction/bonding, that is the outer shell electrons are shown:
You may notice that when the atoms react they always end up with the same electron arrangement as a Noble gas- that is full last shells.
Most of the discussion above has been about ions and how they are formed; however once you are confident about how ions are formed then it should be obvious that once positively and negatively charged ions form they will attract each other by electrostatic forces. Therefore an ionic bond is simply the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. Ionic compounds consist of giant structure of ions called a lattice. Click on the link below or here for more information on the structure of ionic compounds.